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Words of the day: Law

LAW
Law is the whole system of rules that people in a particular country or area must obey (กฏหมาย)

  • make a law  = officially be made a law (ออกกฏหมาย) (v)
    lawmaking =  officially be made a law (การออกกฏหมาย)(n)
  • pass a law  = officially be made a law (ผ่านใช้กฏหมาย) (v)
    law-passing  = officially be made a law (ผ่านใช้กฏหมาย) (n)
  • amend a law  = officially modify a law (แก้ไขกฏหมาย) (v)
    law amendments = The modification of law แก้ไขกฏหมาย (n) (read more at amendment)
  • enforce a law = make people obey the law (บังคับใช้กฏหมาย) (v)
    law enforcement =  making people obey the law  (การบังคับใช้กฏหมาย) (n)
  • break a law = do something illegal (ละเมิดกฏหมาย) (v)
    law breaking =doing something that is illegal (การละเมิดกฏหมาย) (n)


Example:

  • Women put off divorce to benefit from Marriages Law Amendment. (read more)
  • The Need for State and Local Immigration Law Enforcement of Immigration Laws. (read more)
  • The president doesn't pass laws. Congress passes the laws, but the president is involved in the lawmaking process, too. (read more)
  • Here is how Laws are Passed in Congress. (read more)


Related words/Phrase:
criminal law = กฎหมายอาญา
civil law = กฎหมายแพ่ง
international law = กฎหมายระหว่างประเทศ
tax/copyright/divorce etc law = all the laws about tax, copyright, divorce etc (กฏหมายเกี่ยวกับภาษี, ลิขสิทธ์, การหย่า เป็นต้น)

a rule/ a regulation = กฏ/กฏเกณฑ์
a resolution = มติ
a motion = ญัตติ
a bill = พระราชบัญญัติ

Law makers should not be a law breakers.
ผู้ออกกฏหมายไม่ควรละเมิดกฏหมาย

Law were made to be broken.
กฏหมายออกมาเพื่อให้ละเมิด

Reference (Book): American way of pronunciation by Setawit.



At his best, man is the noblest of all animals; separated from law and justice he is the worst.
Ref: www.brainyquote.com

Exercise 3.8 : Put in other, the other,another as a determiner or a pronoun.

Exercise 3.8 : Put in other, the other,another as a determiner or a pronoun.

    
  1. I used to have two tennis rackets, but I sold one to my friend and ____ to my cousin.
  2. Mary got two dresses for birthday. She gave one to her sister and kept ____ for herself.
  3. Bill also received four new records for his birthday. He liked one very much, but he didn't care for ___.
  4. Jim bought four tickets to the concert. He kept two for himself and his girlfriend and gave ___ to his brothers.
  5. A: Would you like ___ piece of of chocolate cake?
    B: No, thank you. I couldn't possibly eat ___ piece. I'm full. .
    
Answer

    
  1. I used to have two tennis rackets, but I sold one to my friend and the other to my cousin.
  2. Mary got two dresses for birthday. She gave one to her sister and kept the other for herself.
  3. Bill also received four new records for his birthday. He liked one very much, but he didn't care for the others.
  4. Jim bought four tickets to the concert. He kept two for himself and his girlfriend and gave the others to his brothers.
  5. A: Would you like another piece of of chocolate cake?
    B: No, thank you. I couldn't possibly eat the other piece. I'm full. .

Tips: one vs another vs other vs the other
another + singular non-specific countable noun
other + plural or uncountable non-specific noun
the other + specific noun (singular, plural, countable or uncountable)
one and the other refers to 2 things or 2 persons.
one, another, and the other refers to 3 things or 3 persons.
another = one more addition to the first mentioned one.
the other = the one remaining.

Example:
Three of my friends live in Boston. One is a doctor, another one is a dentist, and the other one doesn't have a job. The friend without a job's name is Craig. Craig needs a job. He also has another problem: he needs a new girlfriend. His last girlfriend left him because she met another man. The other man was rich and handsome. I told Craig not to worry about it; there are many other girls in the world.
If the weather doesn't change soon, we may have a drought in another part of the country.
If the weather doesn't change soon, we may have a drought in other parts of the country.


ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านามที่ Pronouns (คำสรรพนาม)

References :
http://www.englishcurrent.com/esl-materials-2/other-another-difference/
http://www.innovative-english.com/TEFLCD/lessons/tgram75.htm

Exercise 3.7 Put in no, none, neither.

Exercise 3.7 Put in no, none, neither.

    
  1. I've got ____ appetite.
  2. A: How many people did you meet?
    B: ____.
  3. There were two pictures on the wall. I like ___ of them.
  4. Tom and I didn't eat anything. ___ of us was hungry.
  5. The food in the freezer is completely spoilt; ___ of it is any good now.
    
Answer

    
  1. I've got no appetite.
  2. A: How many people did you meet?
    B: None.
  3. There were two pictures on the wall. I like none of them.
  4. Tom and I didn't eat anything. Neither of us was hungry.
  5. The food in the freezer is completely spoilt; none of it is any good now.


Tips:
both/both of + plural nouns + plural verb form
neither + singular nouns + singular verbs form
neither of + plural nouns + singular verbs form
either + singular nouns + singular verbs form
either of + plural nouns + singular verbs form
none of (not any) + plural nouns + plural verbs form
none of (not one) + plural nouns + singular verbs form

Note:
both/both of, either/either, neither/neither of use to refer to 2 persons or 2 things
both/both of means both or all of the 2.
either/either of means one of the two.
neither/neither of means none of the two.

none use to refer to no person or thing of the group (2 or more persons or things)

Example:
Both sisters are married.
Neither sister is married<
Neither of her sisters is married.
Either of them has go.
Either umbrella is yours.
We have three sons but none of them lives here.
We have two sons but neither of them lives here.
None of the engines are working. (Not any of the engines are working)
None of the food is fresh. (Not one of the food is fresh)


ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านามที่ Pronouns (คำสรรพนาม)

Exercise 3.6 Put in all, most and some

Exercise 3.6 Put in allmost and some.


    
  1. We found ____ old pictures. ____ were damaged, but ____ were all right.
  2. You can have ____ of this cake but not ____ of it.
  3. She has lived in London ____ her life.
  4. A: Do you know those people?
    B: Most of them, but not ____ of them.
  5. When the electricity failed, ____ the lights in our house went out.
    
Answer

    
  1. We found all old pictures. most were damaged, but some were all right.
  2. You can have some of this cake but not all of it.
  3. She has lived in London all her life.
  4. A: Do you know those people?
    B: Most of them, but not all of them.
  5. When the electricity failed, all the lights in our house went out.


ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านามที่ Pronouns (คำสรรพนาม)

Exercise 3.5: Put in both, either and neither as determiner or a pronouns.

Exercise 3.5: Put in both, either and neither as determiner or a pronouns.

    
  1. Mary has got two sisters. ____ sisters are married. (nobody, anybody)
  2. There are two novels on the shelf. I don't like ____ of them.
  3. My friend and I didn't know the time because ____ of us had a watch.
  4. It was a very good football match. ____ team played well.
  5. Do you work or are you a student?
    ____ I've got a job as a waitress but I study too.
  6. I bought two new bags. Which one do you want?
    ____. It doesn't matter which one.
  7. I invited Marry and Sue to my party but ____ of them came.
  8. Which shirt do you prefer, this one or that one?
    I don't like ____ of them.
  9. Is your friend American or German?
    ____. She's Australian.
  10. Are your friends English or American? _____ are English.
    
Answer

    
  1. Mary has got two sisters. Both sisters are married.
  2. There are two novels on the shelf. I don't like either of them.
  3. My friend and I didn't know the time because Neither of us had a watch.
  4. It was a very good football match. Both team played well.
  5. Do you work or are you a student?
    Both. I've got a job as a waitress but I study too.
  6. I bought two new bags. Which one do you want?
    Either. It doesn't matter which one.
  7. I invited Marry and Sue to my party but neither of them came.
  8. Which shirt do you prefer, this one or that one?
    I don't like either of them.
  9. Is your friend American or German?
    Neither. She's Australian.
  10. Are your friends English or American? Both are English.
.


Tips:
both/both of + plural nouns + plural verb form
neither + singular nouns + singular verbs form
neither of + plural nouns + singular verbs form
either + singular nouns + singular verbs form
either of + plural nouns + singular verbs form
none of (not any) + plural nouns + plural verbs form
none of (not one) + plural nouns + singular verbs form

Note:
both/both of, either/either, neither/neither of use to refer to 2 persons or 2 things
both/both of means both or all of the 2.
either/either of means one of the two.
neither/neither of means none of the two.

none use to refer to no person or thing of the group (2 or more persons or things)

Example:
Both sisters are married.
Neither sister is married<
Neither of her sisters is married.
Either of them has go.
Either umbrella is yours.
We have three sons but none of them lives here.
We have two sons but neither of them lives here.
None of the engines are working. (Not any of the engines are working)
None of the food is fresh. (Not one of the food is fresh)


ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านามที่ Pronouns (คำสรรพนาม)

Exercise 3.4: Complete the following sentences by choosing one of the indefinite pronouns in the brackets.

Exercise 3.4: Complete the following sentences by choosing one of the indefinite pronouns in the brackets.
    
  1. I didn't meet ____ new. (nobody, anybody)
  2. That's very easy job. ____ can do it.(Anybody, Nobody, Somebody).
  3. ____ likes being poor.(Nobody, Somebody)
  4. It's all finished. I'm afraid there's ____ left.(something, nothing)
  5. It's too late. We can't do ____ to help. (nothing, anything).
  6. When the show finished there was complete silence. ____ clapped. (Everyone, No one, Someone)
  7. It was very disappointing. Absolutely ____ happened. (nothing, anything)
  8. Excuse me, you've dropped ____. (anything, nothing, something)
  9. Did you turn the oven off?
    I think I can smell ____ burning.(anything, nothing, something).
  10. _____ knew what to do next. (Anybody, Nobody)
    
Answer

    
  1. I didn't meet anybody new. (nobody, anybody)
  2. That's very easy job. Anybody can do it.(Anybody, Nobody, Somebody).
  3. Nobody likes being poor.(Nobody, Somebody)
  4. It's all finished. I'm afraid there's nothing left.(something, nothing)
  5. It's too late. We can't do anybody to help. (nothing, anything).
  6. When the show finished, there was complete silence. No one clapped. (Everyone, No one, Someone)
  7. It was very disappointing. Absolutely nothing happened. (nothing, anything)
  8. Excuse me, you've dropped something. (anything, nothing, something)
  9. Did you turn the oven off?
    I think I can smell something burning.(anything, nothing, something).
  10. Nobody knew what to do next. (Anybody, Nobody)
.


ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านามที่ Pronouns (คำสรรพนาม)

Exercise 3.3: Complete the answers to these questions using one or ones.

Exercise 3.3: Complete the answers to these questions using one or ones.

    
  1. How many cars are there?
    Five. Three big ____ and two small ____.
  2. What color are they?
    There are two white ____ and three black ____.
  3. How many small cars are they?
    Two. A black ____ and a white ____.
  4. How many big cars are there?
    Three. Two white ____ and one black ____.
    
Answer
    
    1. How many cars are there?
      Five. Three big ones and two small ones.
    2. What color are they?
      There are two white ones and three black ones.
    3. How many small cars are they?
      Two. A black one and a white one.
    4. How many big cars are there?
      Three. Two white ones and one black one.

ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านามที่ Pronouns (คำสรรพนาม)

Exercise 3.2 Complete the sentences by adding possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns

Exercise 3.2 Complete the sentences by adding possessive adjectives (my, his, her, etc.) or possessive pronouns(mine, his, hers, etc.).

    
  1. Jack had ____ hair cut. (his, hers)
  2. It was his fault, not _____ (their, theirs).
  3. A: Is that bag Mary's
    B: I think it's ____.(her, hers)
  4. A: Is that Neil and David's car?
    B: Yes, it's ____.(his, their, theirs)
  5. Is that coffee ____ or mine (your, yours).
  6. He didn't have an umbrella, so she gave him ____. (her, hers)
  7. I gave him my address and he gave me ____. (his, hers)
  8. A honeybee has two wings on each side of ____ body. (its, it's, it)
  9. This hat is ____ (my, mine). The other one is ____ .(your, yours)
  10. _____ book is here. (Her, Hers) _____ is over there. (Your, Yours)
    
Answer
    
  1. Jack had his hair cut. (his, hers)
  2. It was his fault, not theirs (their, theirs).
  3. A: Is that bag Mary's
    B: I think it's hers.(her, hers)
  4. A: Is that Neil and David's car?
    B: Yes, it's theirs.(his, their, theirs)
  5. Is that coffee yours or mine (your, yours).
  6. He didn't have an umbrella, so she gave him hers. (her, hers)
  7. I gave him my address and he gave me his. (his, hers)
  8. A honeybee has two wings on each side of its body. (its, it's, it)
  9. This hat is mine (my, mine). The other one is yours .(your, yours)
  10. Her book is here. (Her, Hers) Yours is over there. (Your, Yours)

ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านามที่ Pronouns (คำสรรพนาม)

Exercise 3.1 Complete these sentences with appropriate reflexive pronouns.

Exercise 3.1 Complete these sentences with appropriate reflexive pronouns.

    
  1. Rita cut ____ while she was chopping vegetables.
  2. A: Did your secretary answer the phone?
    B: No, I _____ answered it.
  3. His wife told a lie. She should be ashamed of _____.
  4. We faxed the report to him ______.
  5. No one agrees with him. He is all by ____ on that issue.
  6. No one will help them. They will have to do everything ____.
  7. I, ____, wouldn't think of taking such a position.
  8. Did they pay for ____ or did yo pay for them?.
  9. Don't pay for me. I want to pay for ____.
  10. The town _____ was so small that it didn't have a bank.
    
Answer
    
  1. Rita cut herself while she was chopping vegetables.
  2. A: Did your secretary answer the phone?
    B: No, I myself answered it.
  3. His wife told a lie. She should be ashamed of herself.
  4. We faxed the report to him ourselves.
  5. No one agrees with him. He is all by himself on that issue.
  6. No one will help them. They will have to do everything themselves.
  7. I, myself, wouldn't think of taking such a position.
  8. Did they pay for themselves or did yo pay for them?.
  9. Don't pay for me. I want to pay for myself.
  10. The town itself was so small that it didn't have a bank.

ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำสรรพนามที่ Pronouns (คำสรรพนาม)

Exercise 2.12 : Use a, an or the to complete the sentence and fill in the blank, choosing from alternative given

Exercise 2.12
a. Use a, an or the to complete the sentence.
b. Fill in the blank, choosing from alternative given.

    
You will ask how I intent to make up (a.) _____ lost revenue.
(b.) _____ problem with (c.) ______ national income
tax is that there are (much, many) (1) _____ loopholes in
(d.) _____ current law which allow (some, any) (2) _____ people
to avoid paying (some, any) (3) _____ taxes at all, My additional
plan is to replace (e.) _____ lost revenue with (f.) _____
national sales tax, which is fairer because it applies to (all, some) (4) ____ people equally.
Third we have (no, any) (5) ____ money to finance health-care reform,
and we've made (little, a little) (6) ____ progress in reducing pollution and meeting
clear-are standards. Therefore, I am liking (g.) ____ two problems
and asking for (h.) ____ fifty-cent-a-gallon tax on gasoline.
That should encourage (a great deal, a great many) (7) _____ more people
to use mass transit, and with (the amount of, the number of)(8) _____ additional revenue
that we will take in, we will be able to finance our new health-care program
and help (i.) _____ environment at (j.) ____ same time.
    
Answer

    
You will ask how I intent to make up (a.) a lost revenue.
(b.) A problem with (c.) the national income
tax is that there are 1) much loopholes in
(d.) the current law which allow (2) any people
to avoid paying 3) any taxes at all, My additional
plan is to replace (e.) the lost revenue with (f.) the
national sales tax, which is fairer because it applies to 4) all people equally.
Third we have (5) no money to finance health-care reform,
and we've made (6) little progress in reducing pollution and meeting
clear-are standards. Therefore, I am liking (g.) the two problems
and asking for (h.) fifty-cent-a-gallon tax on gasoline.
That should encourage (7) a great many more people
to use mass transit, and with (8) the amount of additional revenue
that we will take in, we will be able to finance our new health-care program
and help (i.) the environment at (j.) the same time.

ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับคำนำหน้านามที่ Determiners (คำนำหน้านาม)

สรุปแนวข้อสอบภาษาอังกฤษ ENG1001 (EN101) มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง

สรุปแนวข้อสอบภาษาอังกฤษ ENG1001 (EN101) ประโยคพื้นฐานและศัพท์จำเป็นในชีวิตประจำวัน
Basic Sentences and Essential Vocabulary In Daily Life

ผมได้ทำสรุปแนวข้อสอบ ซึ่งเป็นหลัก grammar ที่ออกบ่อยๆในแต่ละปี ที่ผมรวบรวมไว้อ่านก่อนเข้าห้องสอบซึ่งคิดว่าจะเป็นประโยชน์กับทุกท่านไม่มากก็น้อยดังต่อไปนี้ครับ

Subject-Verb Agreement

เมื่อคำเหล่านี้ทำหน้าที่เป็นประธานหรือขยายประธานของประโยค verb หรือกริยา ของมันจะเป็นเอกพจน์เสมอ
everyone someone no one
everybody somebody nobody
everything something nothing
one (of) each (of) every
either (of) neither (of) many
a great deal of a bit of a little (of)
a little (of) much (of) less
+ singular verb form

Example:
Nobody is at home.
ไม่มีใครอยู่บ้าน
Either John or Jennifer has to go.
ไม่จอร์นก็เจนนีเฟอร์ต้องไป
Everybody needs to be ready in 10 minutes.
ทุกๆคนต้องพร้อมภายใน 10 นาที
Each of us has to turn in homework before 5 o'clock.
เราแต่ละคนต้องส่งการบ้านก่อน  5 โมงเย็น
Everything is going as plan.
ทุกอย่างเป็นไปตามที่เราวางแผนไว้

Tips:
both/both of + plural nouns + plural verb form
neither + singular nouns + singular verbs form
neither of + plural nouns + singular verbs form
either + singular nouns + singular verbs form
either of + plural nouns + singular verbs form
none of (not any) + plural nouns + plural verbs form
none of (not one) + plural nouns + singular verbs form
a number of + plural noun + plural verb form
the number of + plural noun + singular verb form

Note:
plural nouns = นามพหุพจน์
singular nouns =  นามเอกพจน์
plural verb form = verb ในรูปพหุพจน์
singular verbs form = verb ในรูปเอกพจน์
both/both of, either/either, neither/neither of use to refer to 2 persons or 2 things (พูดถึงคนสองคนหรือของสองสิ่ง)
both/both of means both or all of the 2. (ทั้งสองอัน/คน/สิ่ง...)
either/either of means one of the two. (อันใดอันหนึ่ง)
neither/neither of means none of the two. (ไม่ใช่ทั้งสองอัน/คน/สิ่ง..เลย)

none use to refer to no person or thing of the group (2 or more persons or things)

Example:
Both sisters were married.
พี่(น้อง)สาวทั้งสองแต่งงานแล้ว
Neither sister is married.
พี่(น้อง)สาวทั้งสองยังไม่แต่งงาน
Neither of her sisters is married.
พี่(น้อง)สาวทั้งสองของเธอยังไม่แต่งงาน
Either of them has go.
พวกเขาไม่คนใดคนหนึ่งต้องไป

Either umbrella is yours.
ไม่ร่มอันใหนอันหนึ่เป็นของคุณ
We have three sons but none of them lives here.
เรามีลูกชาย 3 คน แต่พวกเขาไม่ได้อยู่ที่นี่
We have two sons but neither of them lives here.
เรามีลูกชาย 2 คน แต่พวกเขาทั้งสองไม่ได้อยู่ที่นี่
None of the engines are working. (Not any of the engines are working).
ไม่มีเครื่องยนต์ใหนกำลังทำงาน
None of the food is fresh. (Not one of the food is fresh).
ไม่มีอาหารอันใหนที่สดเลย

รุปแบบประโยคต่อไปนี้ ในกรณีที่ประธารหลัก (S1)มีวลีหรือคำขยายตามตารางต่อท้าย จะใช้กริยาเป็นเอกพจน์หรือพหูพจน์นั้นต้องยึดการใช้กริยาตามประธานตัวหน้า (S1) เป็นหลัก
S1,   +     + S2, V1 (agrees with S1)
but not
and not but not
besides except
excludeing not like
like plus
with including
accompanied by in accompany with
along with together with
in addition to as well as
not less than not more than

Example:
Many people including Peter want to go with us.
คนหลายคนรวมทั้งปีเตอร์อยากไปกับเรา

Marry together with her brothers was not at home.
แมรีและพี่ชาย/น้องชายของเธอไม่อยู่บ้าน

The poor, not the rich, need help. (poor, rich = plural noun).
คนจนไม่ใช่คนรวยที่ต้องการความช่วยเหลือ

John, not like us, does not like to swim.
จอร์นไม่ชอบการว่ายน้ำไม่เหมือนพวกเรา(ที่ชอบ)


The following verbs when follow by verb that verb needs to be in Gerund Form (verb + ing)
Verbs เหล่านี้ตามหลังด้วย Gerund (verb + ing)
S  +     + gerund (verb + ing)
admit avoid carry consider
delay deny dread enjoy
fancy finish go on keep
keep on like miss postpone
practice put off recall regret
resist risk spend start
stop suggest

Example:
Please stop talking and start paying attention to your teacher.
กรุณาหยุดพูดและเริ่มตั้งใจฟังครูของคุณได้แล้ว
He needs to consider doing business with us.
เขาต้องพิจารณาทำธุรกิจกับพวกเรา
Don't risk your life taking a photo close to the cliff.
อย่าเสี่ยงชีวิตไป(ยืน)ถ่ายรูปใกล้ๆหน้าผา
John has spent 3 hours finish doing his homework.
จอร์นใช้เวลา 3 ชม.ที่จะทำการบ้านของเขาเสร็จ
Do you have to keep talking to me that way?
คุณต้องคอยพูดกับผมอย่างนั้นเหรอ
I Suggest leaving all of the windows open.
ผมแนะนำให้เปิดหน้าต่างทุกบานเอาไว้

เราสามารถเติมคำต่อไปนี้ข้างหน้าการเปรียบเทียบขั้นกว่าได้
be   +   a bit
a little
much
a lot
far
even
 +  comparative form (การเปรียบเทียบขั้นกว่า )

Example:
The price in this shop is much cheaper than the one before.
ราคาของในร้านนี้ถูกกว่าร้านที่แล้วมาก
You are a little taller than me.
คุณสูงกว่าผมนิดเดียว
It is far better to walk than to take a taxi.
เดินไปดีกว่าขึ้นแทกซี่เยอะเลย

คำคุณศัพท์ (adjective) ต่อไปนี้ใช้ในรูปโครงสร้าง

someone or something + verb to be + adj + for + someone or something

be   +   famous
late
thankful
know
ready
responsible
  + for  (บอกความหมายเกี่ยวกับใคร / อะไร / เพื่อใคร)

Example:
I am ready for the interview.
ผมพร้อมที่จะสัมภาษณ์แล้ว
This city used to be famous for the tourism.
เมืองนี้เคยเป็นเมื่องที่มีชื่อเสียงในเรื่องของการท่องเที่ยว
Don't be late for class.
อย่าเข้าห้องเรียนสาย

คำคุณศัพท์ (adjective) ต่อไปนี้ใช้ กับ “infinitive with to” ในรูปโครงสร้าง ต่อไปนี้
someone or something + verb to be + adj + to + V. 1

be  +     + to + V. 1 (ไม่ผัน) 
able afraid anxious ashamed
bound disappointed easy fit
frightened glad happy inclined
liable likely nice obligatory
pleased prepared proud sad
surprised unhappy unwilling willing

Example:
I am happy to buy it for you.
ผมยินดีที่จะซื้อมันให้คุณ
We are pleased to announce that our office will reopen on this coming week.
พวกเรามีความยินดีที่จะประกาศว่าสำนักงานของพวกเราจะเปิดอีกครั้งในสัปดาห์หน้านี้
Don't be afraid to try a new thing.
อย่ากลัวที่จะลองของใหม่
Be prepared to meet your new assignment.
เตรียมเจองานใหม่ของคุณเลย
It is easy to say than do?
พูดง่ายกว่าทำ
You will be surprised to find how easy it is to make your own robot.
คุณจะรู้สึกประหลาดใจเมื่อรู้ว่าการทำหุ่นยนต์ด้วยตัวคุณเองนั้นง่ายมาก

Nouns(คำนาม) ต่อไปนี้แม้จะลงท้ายด้วย “-s” แต่เป็น noun นับไม่ได้ จึงถือว่าเป็น noun เอกพจน์ และใช้ singular verb form (กริยาเอกพจน์)เสมอ
  +  singular verb form 
Aids/AIDS alms billiards draughts
economics ethics gallows linguistics
mathematics measles mechanics mumps
news physics politics statistics
summons

Example:
Statistics is a challenging subject.
วิชาสถิติเป็นวิชาที่ท้าทาย
The statistic comes from a study recently conducted by the British government.
สถิติเกิดจากการวิจัยโดยรัฐบาลอังกฤษเมื่อไม่นานมานี้
Mathematics is John's favorite subject, while Civics is Andrea's favorite subject.
The news was good.
วิชาคณิตศาตร์เป็นวิชาโปรดของจอร์น ในขณะที่วิชาโปรดของแอนเดียคือโยธา

verb (กริยา) ต่อไปนี้จะตามด้วย infinitive with to (to + v.1 ไม่ผัน) โดยไม่มีกรรมมาแทรก
  + to + V. 1 (ไม่ผัน)
aim appear arrange attempt
choose decide endeavour expect
fail forget happen hope
learn long manage mean
need neglect opt plan
prepare pretend prove resolve
seek seem tend want
wish

Example:
I need to do my homework right now.
ฉันต้องทำการบ้านตอนนี้เลย
He decided to talk to his father about his girlfriend.
เขาตัดสินใจที่จะคุยเรื่องแฟนของเขากับพ่อ(ของเขา)
I forgot to buy something for you.
ผมลืมซื้อของบางอย่างให้คุณ
Do you want to talk with her about what you feel about her?
อยากบอกเธอใหม๊ละว่าคุณรู้สึกยังใงกับเธอ

linking verbs คือ กริยาที่ใช้เชื่อมประธานของประโยคกับส่วนขยาย (complement) ที่เป็นคำคุณศัพท์ เพื่อแสดงสภาพ การรับรู้ หรือความรู้สึกของประธาน
be (is, am, are, was, were, been)
appear become come feel
get go grow keep
look pass prove remain
seem smell sound stay
taste turn

Example:
It appears very clear to me that you do not want to talk to me.
มันชัดเจนมาก(สำหรับผม)ที่คุณไม่อยากคุยกับผม
That sounds interesting.
ฟังดูน่าสนใน
The food my mom is cooking smell very nice.
กลิ่นอาหารที่แม่ผมทำหอมมาก
Please remain silent when the teacher is not present.
กรุณาอยู่เงียบๆตอนที่ครูไม่อยู่
The baby cannot stay still.
เด็กๆไม่สามารถอยู่นิ่งๆได้
My hair turn grey this year.
ปีนี้ผมของผมเริ่มหงอกละ
When I'm feeling blue, all I have to do is take a look at you, then I'm not so blue.
เมื่อผมรู้สึกเศร้า สิ่งที่ผมทำได้คือมองดูคุณแล้วผมก็จะไม่เศร้า
Even the candy tastes very nice, but it is not good for children.
ถึงแม้ลูกอมจะมีรสอร่อยแต่มันก็ไม่ดีต่อเด็กๆ (นะจ๊ะเด็กๆ)

การใช้คำเชื่อมในประโยคความรวม
การใช้คำเชื่อมในประโยคความรวม
ความหมาย ใช้เครื่องหมาย,____ ใช้เครื่องหมาย;____
1. แสดงความขัดแย้ง but, yet, or however ,instead, nevertheless, otherwise, indeed, still
2. แสดงความคล้อยตามกัน and, nor furthermore, Moreover, meanwhile, beside, also, similarly
3. แสดงผลหรือสรุปความ so accordingly, finally , consequently ,therefore, thus
4. แสดงเหตุ (เพราะ) for

Example:
Somsri was very diligent, but she failed three subjects.
สมศรีขยันมากแต่เธอก็สอบตกสามวิชา
Penporn cannot sell that piece of land, nor can she sell her house.
เพ็นพรขายที่ดินไม่ได้และก็ขาดบ้านไม่ได้ด้วย
Jack could not go abroad, for he did not have enough money.
เธอไปต่างประเทศไม่ได้เพราะมีตังไม่พอ
The students practiced a lot, yet they failed the final test.
นักเรียนฝึกฝนเยอะมาก แต่พวกเขาก็ตกการสอบปลายภาค
Linda is discouraged; however, she never gives up.
ลินดารู้สึกท้อ อย่างไรก็ตามเธอก็ไม่ยอมแพ้
Joy wants to be a writer; meanwhile,  she practices every day.
จอยอยากเป็นนักเขียน ในระหว่างนี้เธอก็ฝึกฝนทุกวัน
John is smart; moreover, he is very handsome.
จอร์นเป็นคนที่ฉลาด ยิ่งไปกว่านั้นเขายังหล่ออีกด้วย (น่าอิจฉาเนาะว่ามะ so envious)
You must study harder; otherwise, you may fail the exam.
คุณต้องขยันเรียนมากกว่านี้ ไม่งั้นคุณตกแน่
Mary studied very hard for her exam; consequently, she passed the exam with the flying colours.
แมรีขยันอ่านหนังสือสอบว๊าก ผลที่ตามมาคือเธอสอบผ่านอย่าฉลุยไปเลย

Pronoun คำสรรพนาม
ประธาน กรรม Possessive Adj.
( + Noun)
Possessive Pron.
(ไม่มีคำนาม ตามหลัง)
Reflexive Pron.
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
We Us Our Ours Ourselves

Example:
There are 3 dogs in my house, but none of them are mine.
มีหมา 3 ตัวในบ้านของฉันแต่ไม่มีตัวใหนเป็นหมาของฉันเลย
We've never talked to them before when we were in that island.
เราไม่เคยคุยกับเขาเลยตอนที่เราอยู่บนเกาะ(นั้น)
I talked to myself in English everyday when I was a child.
ผมคุยกะตัวเองเป็นภาษาอังกฤษทุกวันตอนที่ผมเป็นเด็ก
He said he could not keep his eyes off that girl in red.
เขาพูดว่าเขาไม่สามารถละสายตาไปจากเด็กผู้หญิงในชัดแดงเลย
That little dog saw itself in the water. When it saw the bigger meat, it jumped into the water.
สุนัขตัวน้อยตัวนั้นเห็นเงาตัวมันเองในน้ำ เมื่อมันเห็นเนื้อชิ้นใหญ่กว่า มันก็กระโดดลงไปในน้ำ (poor little dog!!)